tough

adj. 艰苦的，困难的；坚强的，不屈不挠的；坚韧的，牢固的；强壮的，结实的

n. 恶棍

vt. 坚持；忍受，忍耐

adv. 强硬地，顽强地

n. (Tough)人名；(英)图赫

中文词源

tough 坚硬的，坚强的，艰难的，艰苦的

来自古英语 toh,结实的，坚硬的，来自 Proto-Germanic*tanhuz,结实的，坚硬的，来自 PIE*denk, 咬，词源同 tongs,tang.拼写受 rough,enough 等影响。引申诸相关词义。词义的多样化演变比较 hardy.

tough (adj.): Old English toh "strong and firm in texture, tenacious, sticky," from Proto-Germanic *tanhu- (cognates: Middle Low German tege, Middle Dutch taey, Dutch taai, Old High German zach, German zäh), which Watkins suggests is from PIE *denk- "to bite," from the notion of "holding fast." See rough for spelling change.

From c. 1200 as "strong, powerful;" c. 1300 as "not tender or fragile;" early 14c. as "difficult to chew," also "hard to endure." Figurative sense of "steadfast" is mid-14c.; that of "hard to do, trying, laborious" is from 1610s. Verb tough it "endure the experience" is first recorded 1830, American English. Tough guy attested from 1901. Tough-minded first recorded 1907 in William James. Tough luck first recorded 1912; tough shit, dismissive retort to a complaint, is from 1946.
tough (n.): "street ruffian," 1866, American English, from tough (adj.).

1. “他服” => 我非常坚强、顽强、强壮，让他很服气、很佩服。2. 他服了，我实在是太顽强了，他彻底服气了。

3. They believe that a tough, materially poor childhood is character-building.: 他们认为一个艰难贫困的童年有助于性格的培养。