rugged

adj. 崎岖的；坚固的；高低不平的；粗糙的

中文词源

rugged 崎岖的，不平的，粗犷的

来自古诺斯语 rogg,粗毛，粗布，词源同 rug.引申词义粗糙的，粗犷的，崎岖的，不平的等。

rugged (adj.): c. 1300, "rough, shaggy, careworn" (originally of animals), from Old Norse rogg "shaggy tuft" (see rug). "The precise relationship to ragged is not quite clear, but the stem is no doubt ultimately the same" [OED]. Meaning "vigorous, strong, robust" is American English, by 1848.
We were challenged with a peace-time choice between the American system of rugged individualism and a European philosophy of diametrically opposed doctrines -- doctrines of paternalism and state socialism. [Herbert Hoover, speech in New York, Oct. 22, 1928]
Hoover said the phrase was not his own, and it is attested from 1897, though not in a patriotic context. Related: Ruggedly; ruggedness.

1. rug <====> rough => rugged "rough".

1. The camera combines rugged reliability with unequalled optical performance and speed.: 这款相机既坚固耐用，又有超凡的光学性能和快门速度。

2. Here another rugged castle crowns the cliffs and crags.: 这里又有一座高低不平的城堡建在悬崖绝壁之上。

3. Rugged individualism forged America'sfrontier society.: 坚定的个人主义造就了美国的边疆社会。